Katie Anderson and
Natalie Borisovets
Reference Librarians
katie.anderson@camden.rutgers.edu
natalieb@newark.rutgers.edu
31 May 2007

Research Resources: Subject Research Guides: Criminal Justice:
History of Crime & Justice

Corrections
Capital Punishment
- Execution Methods
Corporal Punishment
Forensic Science
Gambling
Guns and Gun Control
Organized Crime
Prostitution
The Infamous
Born Bad: Biological Theories of Crime

A. Timelines

Timeline: Timeline tracing the development of criminal justice systems from 601 to the present U.S. system. Each period includes insets with annotations on individuals, events, and issues that impacted and reflected criminal justice systems during that period. From 360degrees: Perspectives on the U.S. Criminal Justice System.

Racial & Religious Violence in America : A Chronology: Michael Newton and Judy Ann Newton. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.; "A time line of atrocity, acts of mayhem, murder, and intimidation perpetrated on the grounds of racial or religious prejudice, from the discovery of North America to modern times [1989]."; ALEXANDER, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, DANA, KILMER REF HN 90 .V5 R33 1991

B. Bibliographies

Bibliographies are great for finding out what has been written/is available on a specific topic.

B1. General

History of Crime and Criminal Justice: Bibliographies of selected book and articles on the history of criminal justice, crime, juvenile justice, the police, the courts, Europe and the ancient world, the law, and punishment. Compiled by Dr. Frank Morn, Illinois State University.

History of Criminology: The Pioneers: Chronological list of English-language criminology books published from 1846 to the present.

B2. United States

Crime in America: Historical Patterns and Contemporary Realities: An Annotated Bibliography.: Francesco Cordasco, David N. Alloway. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.; Annotated guide to criminology literature arranged by 17 subject categories.; ALEXANDER, CAMDEN, DOUGLASS, KILMER REF HV 6783 .C67 1985; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 38078

A Guide to Material on Crime and Criminal Justice: Augustus Frederick Kuhlman. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1969.
Reprint of the 1929 classic work. Detailed classified index to books and articles on criminal justice and related areas in the United States published thru 1926.; ALEXANDER Z5118 .C9 S6 1969; DANA REF Z5118 .C9S6 1969

Bibliography of Crime and Criminal Justice, 1927-1931: Dorothy Campbell Culver, compiler. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1969.; ALEXANDER, KILMER, KF 9223 .A1 C25 1969

Sources for the Study of the Administration of Criminal Justice, 1938-1948; A Selected Bibliography: Dorothy Campbell Tompkins, Compiler. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1970.; ALEXANDER, DANA KF 9223 .A1 C3 1970

Criminology Index : Research and Theory in Criminology in the United States, 1945-1972: Marvin E. Wolfgang, Robert M. Figlio, and Terence P. Thornberry. New York: Elsevier Scientific, 1975. 2 volumes.; ALEXANDER REF Z 5118 .C9 W64; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 15968

Criminal Justice in America, 1959-1984 : An Annotated Bibliography: John D. Hewitt, Eric D. Poole, and Robert M. Regoli. New York: Garland Pub., 1985.; ALEXANDER Z 5703.5 .U5 H48 1985; CAMDEN REF HV 9950 .H48 1985; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 38781

Crime and Punishment in America: A Historical Bibliography.: Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Information Services, 1984.; Abstracts of articles on crime and criminal justice in American history published between 1973 and 1982. Organized by topic: crime and criminality in American life; crimes of violence; crimes against property; riots, disturbances & civil disobedience; political crimes and corruption; victimless crimes; law enforcement, criminal law, and the courts; and punishment, rehabilitation, and the prisons.; CAMDEN, DANA, DOUGLASS, KILMER REF HV 6789 .C7; ALEX REF Z 5703.5 .U5 C7; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 34498

B2a. States and Regions

Criminal Activity in the Deep South, 1700-1930 : An Annotated Bibliography: A.J. Wright. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989.; Annotated bibliography of primary and secondary sources on criminal activity in eight southern states up to 1930.; ALEXANDER Z 5703.5 .U5 W7 1989; CRIMINAL JUSTICE REF HV8145.A13 W7 1989

The Wild Bunch: A Selected Critical Annotated Bibliography of the Literature: F. Bruce Lamb. Worland, WY: High Plains Pub. Co., 1993.; CRIMINAL JUSTICE

B3. Canada

Canadian Criminal Justice History : An Annotated Bibliography: Russell C. Smandych et al. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.; 1,100 works on Canadian criminal justice written in English and French between 1867 and 1984. Most entries with English abstracts.; ALEXANDER KE 8809 .S63 1987; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 46439

Royal Canadian Mounted Police History: Select Bibliography

B4. Great Britain

The History of Police and Policing in the United Kingdom: An Annotated Bibliography: Database created by the late Stan Nash of the Rutgers University Libraries and currently updated and maintained by the Open University. Books, articles, prminary works, and theses and the history of the police in the United Kingdom. Searchable by author, title (word), date of publication, by broad historical period, and by item type.

Crime in Victorian Britain : An Annotated Bibliography From Nineteenth-Century British Magazines: E.M. Palmegiano. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993.; Annotated bibliography of articles published in 45 British journals between 1824 and 1900.; ALEXANDER Z 5703.5 .G7 P35 1993; CAMDEN REF HV 6943 .P35 1993; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 58555

C. History of Law Enforcement

Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement: Mitchel P. Roth. Westport, CT; London: Greenwood Press, 2001.; More than 900 entries on law enforcement terminology, individuals involved in law enforcement, individual police departments, and events. Focus on law enforcement history in the U.S., England, and Europe.; CAMDEN REF HV 7903 .R67 2001; CRIMINAL JUSTICE HV7903 .R67 2001

Famous Trials: Professor Douglas Linder's (University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School) site covers landmark legal battles from the Trial of Socrates (399 B.C.) to the Trial of Zacarias Moussaoui (2006). Includes an overview of each case, trial transcripts, contemporaneous accounts, images, maps, etc.

C1. United States

Encyclopedia of Police Science: William G. Bailey, ed. 2nd edition. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995.
More than 200 signed entries, many with lengthy bibliographies, on all aspects of policing in America, including administration, investigative techniques, and social and political issues. Includes a "Bibliography of Police History," and an index of legal cases.; ALEXANDER HV 7901 .E53 1995; CAMDEN, CRIMINAL JUSTICE REF HV 7901 .E53 1995

Uniform Crime Reporting and Community Policing: An Historical Perspective: Dennis W. Banas and Robert C. Trojanowicz. 1985.

C1a. U.S. Federal

FBI History: From 1908 to the present.

The FBI : A Comprehensive Reference Guide: Athan G. Theoharis, ed. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1999.
Information on the history, organization, role and powers, facilities, day to day activities, and controversies surrounding the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Includes a chronology of key events, as well as an extensive annotated bibliography.; ALEXANDER, CAMDEN REF HV 8144 .F43 T48 1999; CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FBI Electronic Reading Room: The FBI has made many of their files digitally available. You can browse their Alphabetical Listing of available files, or a category list such as Gangster Era; Historical Interest (which includes files on Abscam, the Aryan Nations, Lizzie Borden, Jonestown, the Weatherman Underground, etc.); and Violent Crime (Atlanta Child Murders, Ted Bundy, Hell's Angels, the Purple Gang, etc.).

United States Secret Service: History: Timeline. From the creation of the Secret Service Division in 1865 to the present.

History of the Federal Judiciary: Include access to the Federal Judges Biographical Database; histories of the Courts of the federal judiciary; timeline and text of landmark judicial legislation; history of federal judicial circuits and and administrative agencies; and judicial history news. From the Federal Judicial Center.

C1b. U.S. State, Regional and Local

Encyclopedia of Western Lawmen & Outlaws: Jay Robert Nash. 1st Da Capo Press ed. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994.; More than 1,000 biographical entries on outlaws and lawmen in the American Old West. Heavily illustrated.; ALEXANDER F 591 .E48625 1994

Historical Society of the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey: Judicial biographies, succession of judgeships, a photo gallery, some historic newspaper articles, and histories of U.S. courts in New Jersey.

History of the New Jersey State Police from 1921 to the Present

Homicide in Chicago 1870-1930: Rich site built around a searchable database based on a transcription of the Chicago Police Department Homicide Record Index, the records of 11,000 Chicago homicides during this 60-year period. Looks at the homicides within a historical content; site includes a Chicago Timeline, information on people and events, photographs, and relevant reports, laws, statutes, and other publications. There is a also an online collection of video interviews primarily of academics with expertise on the history of crime and justice in the Chicago area, but which also includes an almost 10-minute rare interview with Clarence Darrow (c.1932).

A Manual of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure for Police: Ernst W. Puttkammer. Prepared under the auspices of the Citizens' Police Committee, Northwestern University, and the University of Chicago. Revised Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931.; "The primary purpose of the Manual is to serve as a textbook in criminal law and in criminal procedure in police training schools. A secondary purpose is to supply a convenient reference book to which the officer may go for information when desired."

The Policewoman's Handbook: New York: Columbia University Press, 1933.
"Based largely on the experiences of the policewomen's division of the Detroit Police department."; DANA HV8023 .H7; DOUGLASS HV8023 .H979

C2. Canada

Origins of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

C3. Great Britain

The History of Police and Policing in the United Kingdom: An Annotated Bibliography: Database created by the late Stan Nash of the Rutgers University Libraries and currently updated and maintained by the Open University. Books, articles, prminary works, and theses and the history of the police in the United Kingdom. Searchable by author, title (word), date of publication, by broad historical period, and by item type.

History of the Metropolitan Police Service (London): Includes a timeline (1829-present) and accounts of famous cases.

The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, London 1674 to 1834: Searchable database of the Proceedings of 101,102 trials held between April 1674 and October 1834. Site includes an extensive section on Crime, Justice & Punishment: The Historical Background to the Proceedings of the Old Bailey. The Notable Trials section offers links to specific trials that exemplify aspects of the Proceedings: crimes, verdicts, and punishments.

D. Corrections

D1. United States

Social Statistics: Crime and Corrections Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, pp. 407-422.: Variety of annual national-level statistics

Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850-1984.: Cahalan, Margaret Werner. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1987.
ALEXANDER, DANA DOCUSR J 29.2:C 81/850-984

Historical Statistics on Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions, 1925-86.: Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1988.
ALEXANDER, DANA DOCUSR J 29.2:H 62

Race of Prisoners Admitted to State and Federal Institutions, 1926-1986.: Langan, Patrick A. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1991.
ALEXANDER DOCUS J 29.2:R 11; DANA REF HV 9465 .L36 1991

D1a. New Jersey

Charity and Correction in New Jersey: A History of State Welfare Institutions: James Leiby. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1967.
Traces the development of New Jersey state institutions and services for the 'dependent, defective, and delinquent' from 1709 to 1959.; ALEXANDER, CAMDEN, DANA, DOUGLASS, KILMER HV98 .N5L4; LSM HV98 .N5L4 1967

A History of the Penal, Reformatory, and Correctional Institutions of the State of New Jersey: Harry Elmer Barnes. New York, Arno Press, 1974.
Reprint of his 1918 doctoral dissertation.; SPECIAL COLLECTIONS SNCLNJ HV9475 .N5B3 1974

The New Jersey State Penitentiary at Trenton...With a History of the Prison: Gary Wolf. Princeton, NJ: Heritage Studies, 1979.; SPECIAL COLLECTIONS SNCLNJ HV8828 .N5H54

Inside Out: Fifty Years Behind the Walls of New Jersey's Trenton State Prison: Harry Camissa and Jim Franklin. Windsor, NJ: Windsor Press, 2003.
Camisa spent 29 years as a New Jersey corrections officer.; SPECIAL COLLECTIONS HV9468 .C36A3 2003; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 92169

A Short History of Trenton State Prison: Harry Camisa and Jim Franklin.

1952: The Powder Keg Blows: Jon Blackwell. The 1952 riots at the New Jersey State Prison in Trenton.

A History of the 1952 New Jersey Prison Riots: Eugene M. La Roche. A Rutgers College Henry Rutgers Thesis. 1994; SPECIAL COLLECTIONS R-PUBS HV9475 .N5L3 1994

New Jersey State Prison Annual Report. 1848-1991: ALEXANDER DOCNJ HV8350 .A3

Statistics of the New Jersey State Prison, from 1799-1845: New Jersey. Governor. Trenton, 1846.; SPECIAL COLLECTIONS SNCLY HV8350 .N52 1846

"The Old Jail on New Street": History and photographic tour. Built in 1837, the Essex County Jail is oldest public building in the county.

D1b. Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Past & Present: Brief introduction.

Bibliographic Notes on Eastern State Penitentiary and Some Related Topics: Bibliography of primary and secondary sources on prison history, prison reform, and the Eastern State Penitentiary (Philadelphia).

Dickens, Charles. " Philadelphia, and Its Solitary Prison," IN American Notes. London, 1874. Chapter 7: Dickens on his visit to the Eastern State Penitentiary.

D1c. New York

Timelines of New York Correction History: From the New York Correction History Society.

New York State Prison History: Collection of articles that originally appeared in DOCS/TODAY, a monthly publication of the New York State Department of Correctional Services.

New York Correction History Society: Timelines, texts, photos, and online exhibits.

New York City Department of Correction History Menu

List of Prison Matrons of the Department of Correction of New York City. March 16, 1930.: Names, appointment dates, institution assignments, and salaries.

Minimum Standards for New York City Correctional Facilities. 1978

D2. Canada

History of Corrections: Provided as an appendix to the Speakers Binder of the Correctional Service of Canada and focuses on corrections in Canada.

Corrections in Canada: An Interactive Timeline: From the Correctional Service of Canada.

D3. Great Britain

Scenes From a Silent World: or Prisons and Their Inmates: Felicia Skene. London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1889.
"This work is the result of a real experience within the unseen prison world. It contains no element of fiction from beginning to end: it tells, as clearly and accurately as may be, the true histories of some who have lived and suffered and died in that hidden region of remorse and pain."

Penitentiaries and Reformatories: Felicia Skene. Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas, 1865.

E. Capital Punishment

History of the Death Penalty: Michael H. Reggio. IN Society's Final Solution: A History and Discussion of the Death Penalty. Laura E. Randa, ed., University Press of America, 1997.

Trial and Error: Capital Punishment in U.S. History: William S. McFeely

Capital Punishment and the Death Penalty in the United States. A Selected Bibliography: Dennis Wiechman. IN Violent Crime in North America. Louis A. Knafla (ed.). Criminal Justice History 19. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003, pp. 155-194.; CRIMINAL JUSTICE 92524

Executions of Federal Prisoners Since 1927: Federal Bureau of Prisons table including name; method of execution; offense; date of execution; and place of execution. For expanded information (including information on race and age) see the Death Row Speaks site.

Executions in the U.S. 1608-1987: The Espy File: Includes name, age and race of each individual executed, the date of execution, and the methold of execution used. Data displayable chronologically by date of execution, alphabetically by name of the person executed, or alphabetically by the name of the state in which the execution was carried out. Data compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smylka.

Execution Database: Searchable database of U.S. executions from 1976 to the present. Historical data on U.S. executions from 1608-1987 including executions by state. Compiled by a non-profit organization advocating abolition of the death penalty.

Capital Punishment in the United States: Data files from the annual Capital Punishment in the United States series from 1973 to the present available for use with SPSS or SAS. Includes "data on prisoners under a sentence of death, as well as those who had their sentences commuted or vacated and prisoners who were executed...examines basic sociodemographic classifications including age, sex, race and ethnicity, marital status at time of imprisonment, level of education, and State and region of incarceration. Criminal history information includes prior felony convictions and prior convictions for criminal homicide and the legal status at the time of the capital offense." Part of the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data.

The Last Public Execution in America: Perry T. Ryan. Kentucky, P.T. Ryan, 1992.
"On August 14, 1936, Rainey Bethea was hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky, before a crowd of 20,000. The public outrage which followed resulted in the complete abolition of public executions in the United States."

Executing U.S. Soldiers in England, WWII: The Power of Command Influence and Sexual Racism. (First Draft): J. Robert Lilly and J. Michael Thomson. August 31, 1995
"Current capital punishment literature is overwhelmingly concerned with civilian executions. Overlooked is capital punishment by the non-civilian sector - the military. This paper researchs U.S. executions of soldiers during World War II in England."

Dirty Details: Executing U.S. Soldiers During WW II: J. Robert Lilly. 28 November 1995.
"This paper is part of a long-term examination of the execution of U.S. soldiers during WW II. It describes the crimes, defendants and victims for 18 military executions that took place in England, 1943-1945."

Capital Punishment U.K.: "The resource site for the history of capital punishment in Britain."

Bailey, Victor. " The Shadow of the Gallows: the Death Penalty and the British Labour Government, 1945-51," Law and History Review 18(2), Summer 2000.

Historical Data on Capital Sentence Unit at New Jersey State Prison: From the New Jersey Department of Corrections.

E1. Execution Methods

Execution Methods Used by States: From the Florida Corrections Commission.

The Guillotine: A Look into the Machine Built for a Humanitarian Death: Jonas L. Bulman. 19 April 2002.

Guillotine Headquarters: From the Middle Ages To...: Jorn Fabricius.

History of the Electric Chair

The History of Judicial Hanging in Britain

Lethal Injection: The Medical Technology of Execution: From Amnesty International. History and practice.

F. Corporal Punishment

World Corporal Punishment Research: Archive: Collection of news and media items about corporal punishment worldwide from 1648 to the present. Within each historical period arranged by country.

The Corporal Punishment Archive: "An historical survey of juvenile corporal punishment in Great Britain."

G. Forensic Science

Forensic Science Timeline

Forensic Science: An Encyclopedia of History, Methods, and Techniques: William J. Tilstone. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2006.
Over 300 entries on cases, techniques, legal decisions, and related topics. Extensive introduction provides an overview of the history of forensic sciences..; ALEXANDER, CAMDEN REF HV8073 .T55 2006

History of Forensic Science in New Jersey: From the New Jersey Association of Forensic Scientists

The History of Fingerprinting: Christopher J. Lennard and Trevor Patterson. Part of the New South Wales Police Service information site.

Personal Identification and Description: Francis Galton, F.R.S. Originally published in Nature, June 28, 1888, pp. 201-202.

H. Gambling

Pivotal Dates in Gambling History: Timeline from the American Gaming Association.

Gambling in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Issues, and Society: William N. Thompson. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001.
About 200 signed entries focusing on North and South American "people, places, events, laws and policies, and concepts concerning gambling as well as gambling equipment." Includes an annotated list of relevant U.S. law cases.; ALEXANDER REF GV1301 .T47 2001

History of Gambling in the United States: Roger Dunstan. January 1997. Chapter 2 of his report on Gambling in California.

I. Guns and Gun Control

Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law: Gregg Lee Carter. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002. 2 vols.
More than 400 entries on guns (makes, makers, and ammunition) and the history and legal, social, and political aspects of guns in America. Includes entries on gun laws in other countries. Appendix lists key federal and state gun laws and amendments.; ALEXANDER, CAMDEN REF HV7436 .G8783 2002

Firearms and Federal Law: The Gun Control Act of 1968: Franklin E. Zimring. Journal of Legal Studies 4(1), January 1975, 133-198.

History of Firearms Control in Canada: Up to and Including the Firearms Act: From the Canada Firearms Centre.

J. Organized Crime

Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States: From Capone's Chicago to the New Urban Underworld: Robert J. Kelly. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Personalities, events, issues, and trends associated with 20th century organized crime. Particularly strong on information relating to the American Mafia.; CAMDEN, DANA, CRIMINAL JUSTICE REF HV 6446 .K43 2000

The Mafia Encyclopedia: Carl Sifakis. 2nd edition. New York: Facts on File, 1999.
Nearly 450 entries relating to the personalities, places, and events associated with the American Mafia.; CAMDEN REF HV 6441 .S53 1999

Mafia Monograph. July 1958.: "The Maria Monograph was written by the FBI in 1958 as a study of the origin, nature, and activities of the Mafia in its native Sicily and how it was transplanted to the United States." Based on a memo from W.C. Sullivan to A.H. Belmont.

Encyclopedia of International Organized Crime: Carlo DeVito. New York: Facts on File, 2005.
450 entries on criminal organizations, associated individuals, and activities in the United States and worldwide from the mid-19th century to the present.; ALEXANDER REF HV6441 .D48 2005

Organized Crime: A Compilation of U.N. Documents 1975-1998: M. Cherif Bassiouni and Eduardo Vetere. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 1993.; ALEXANDER DOCREF HV6252 .O73 1998; CRIMINAL JUSTICE HV6252 .B3 1998

K. Prostitution

Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work: Melissa Hope Ditmore. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. 2 vols.
Over 340 scholarly entries on a wide range of topics relating to the history and current issues in sex work and prostitution. Appendices include historical accounts, poems and lyrics, documents by sex workers, and legal documents and commentary.; ALEXANDER, DOUGLASS REF HQ115 .E53 2006

Their Sisters' Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830-1870: Marilynn Wood Hill. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Online as part of the California Digital Library.

The Bureau of Social Hygiene Project and Research Files [1918-1940]: A Collection of the Rockefeller Archives Center of the Rockefeller Archive Center of Rockefeller University.: Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1979. 31 Microfilm reels.
"The Bureau of Social Hygiene was incorporated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., in 1913 as a result of his service on a special grand jury to investigate white slavery in New York City in 1910. The purpose of the Bureau was 'the study, amelioration, and prevention of those social conditions, crimes, and diseases which adversely affect the well-being of society, with special reference to prostitution and the evils associated therewith.'"; ALEXANDER Microforms M-FILM 2249 Guide to the Microfilm Edition: ALEXANDER, CAMDEN REF HV99 .N6B853 1980

Chronology of Canadian Prostitution Law

Prostitution in Great Britain, 1485-1901: An Annotated Bibliography.: Stanley D. Nash. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1994.; ALEXANDER REF Z7164 .P95N37 1994; CAMDEN, DOUGLASS REF HQ185 .N37 1994; CRIMINAL JUSTICE

History of Forced Prostitution: International bibliography compiled by Stefan Blaschke. Part of his The History of Rape: A Bibliography

L. The Infamous

Al Capone: Biographical information; photo gallery; period artifacts; and bibliography of the Capone era in Chicago. From www.chicagohistory.org.

Casebook: Jack the Ripper: Extensive collection of materials relating to the case. Information on victims, suspects, witnesses, and police officials involved. Includes copies of Ripper letters, official documents, press reports, and photos.

Lizzie Borden/Fall River Case Study: Includes primary source materials relating to the Lizzie Borden axe murder trial, the Borden family, and to Fall River, Massachusetts. A joint project of the University of Massachusetts History Department and the Center for Computer-Based Instructional Technology.

United States of America v. Martha Stewart and Peter Dacanovic: The Indictment

M. Born Bad: Biological Theories of Crime

Biological Theories of Crime: A Historical Overview: Nicole Hahn Rafter. Essay prepared in conjunction with the exhibition Searching the Criminal Body: Art / Science / Prejudice held at the University of Albany Art Museum, September 25-November 5, 2000.

Criminality: Essay and a collection of images from the Eugenics Archive.

Creating Born Criminals: Nicole Hahn Rafter. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.; ALEXANDER, CAMDEN, CRIMINAL JUSTICE HV6047 .R33 1997

Eugenics Bibliography: Bibliography from Center for Biomedical Ethics at the University of Virginia.

The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity: Richard Louis Dugdale. 4th edition. New York: G.P. Putnam�s Sons, 1910.; ALEXANDER HV6125 .D82; DOUGLASS HV6121 .D878; KILMER HV6125 .D82 1970

Ochsner, Albert J. "The Surgical Treatment of Habitual Criminals, Imbeciles, Perverts, Paupers, Morons, Epileptics, and Degenerates," Annals of Surgery 82(3), September 1925, 321-325.: The Presidential Address delivered before the American Surgical Association, May 4, 1925.